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Pakistan and Iran are border states and share historical, cultural, religious, humanitarian, and traditional values. Pakistan’s relations with Iran have been a mixture of cooperation and challenges. Initially friendly, Iran’s 1979 revolution changed the dynamics. Further tensions arose during the Soviet-Afghan war and now again on 16 January 2024, Iran launched missile strikes into Pakistan’s Balochistan province, claiming it had hit two strongholds of anti-Iran insurgent group Jaish al-Adl. It is worrisome and alarming that Iranian contravention took place at a crucial time when both states just underwent positive diplomatic activity, increased interactions between civilians and military, and joint military exercises in the Gulf and Hormuz Strait. In response, Pakistan launched a Diplomatic Offensive and recalled its ambassador from Iran over a violation of Sovereignty. On 18 January, Pakistan conducted retaliatory airstrikes in Iran’s Sistan and Baluchistan province, claiming it had struck hideouts belonging to Baloch separatist insurgents engaged in conflict against Pakistan. The Iranian government stated nine foreign citizens, including three women and four children, were killed in the airstrikes. Pakistan and Iran have agreed to de-escalate tensions after four days of regional instability.
巴基斯坦和伊朗是邻国，有着共同的历史、文化、宗教、人道主义和传统价值观，但两国关系一直是合作与挑战的混合体。1979年，伊朗革命改变了局势。在苏阿战争期间，局势进一步紧张，2024年1月16日，伊朗再次向巴基斯坦俾路支省发射导弹，声称击中了反伊朗叛乱组织Jaish al-Adl的两个据点。令人忧虑和震惊的是伊朗的行为发生在两国刚刚开展积极外交活动、加强军民互动以及在海湾和霍尔木兹海峡举行联合军事演习的关键时刻。作为回应，巴基斯坦发动外交攻势，以侵犯主权为由从伊朗召回大使。1月18日，巴基斯坦对伊朗锡斯坦和俾路支斯坦省进行了报复性空袭，声称袭击了与巴基斯坦发生冲突的俾路支分离主义叛乱分子的藏身之处。伊朗政府宣称，包括3名妇女和4名儿童在内的9名外国公民在空袭中丧生。巴基斯坦和伊朗在经历了4天的地区不稳定之后同意缓和紧张局势。
China urged Iran and Pakistan to avoid escalation and respect national sovereignty after Tehran launched airstrikes in Pakistan. Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Mao Ning offered to negotiate between Pakistan and Iran although China is willing to play a constructive role to cool down Pakistan-Iran tensions. For China, Iran and Pakistan are important partners whose stability and prosperity matter. If either of them suffers from insurgency, that would also affect China’s instability and impact Beijing’s strategic and economic interests in the region. The 25-year deal with Iran, and billions of dollars investment in Pakistan within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative indicate Beijing’s long-term plans regarding Tehran and Islamabad. After all, China has played a positive role in reducing tensions between both neighboring states and maintaining stability and integrity in the Region.
在德黑兰对巴基斯坦发动空袭后，中国敦促伊朗和巴基斯坦避免事态升级，尊重国家主权。中国外交部发言人毛宁表示中国愿意发挥建设性作用，促成巴基斯坦和伊朗进行谈判，为巴基斯坦和伊朗的紧张局势降温。对中国来说，伊朗和巴基斯坦是重要的合作伙伴，两国的稳定与繁荣关系重大。如果他们中的任何一方发生叛乱，那也对中国带来不利影响，尤其影响北京在该地区的战略和经济利益。与伊朗签订的25年合作协议，以及在“一带一路”框架内对巴基斯坦数十亿美元的投资表明北京对德黑兰和伊斯兰堡的长期计划。毕竟中国在缓和两个邻国之间的紧张局势、维护该地区的稳定和完整方面发挥了积极作用。
On the other hand, USA Spokesperson Matthew Miller responded about the ongoing tensions between Iran and Pakistan with counter-strikes, the USA made pretty clear that Iran’s regional violations have become common Iran continuously launches strikes against its neighbor states. Iran has a long history of funding terrorism, funding instability, and sowing discord in the Middle East. That’s something we have seen contribute to conflict in Gaza. Iran has been the principal supporter of Hamas for years, they are the major funder of Hezbollah and Houthis. Iran is responsible for regional instability and that’s why we continue to take actions to hold Iran accountable and also send clear messages to Iran that we don’t believe this should escalate in any way, shape, or form. Pakistan is a major non-NATO ally of the United States, and that will remain.
另一方面，美国发言人Matthew Miller对伊朗和巴基斯坦之间的紧张局势进行了反击。美国明确表示，伊朗的地区侵犯行为已经司空见惯，伊朗不断对其邻国发动打击。伊朗资助恐怖主义和不稳定，在中东地区挑拨离间的历史由来已久。这是我们看到的导致加沙冲突的原因。伊朗多年来一直是哈马斯的主要支持者，他们是真主党和胡塞武装的主要资助者。伊朗对地区不稳定负有责任，这就是为什么我们继续采取行动追究伊朗的责任并向伊朗发出明确的信息，即我们不认为事态以任何方式或形式升级。巴基斯坦是美国在北约以外的一个主要盟友，巴基斯坦也将继续保持两国之间的关系。
USA by giving criticism statements during tensions between Pakistan and Iran, provided fuel to the fire and encouraged Pakistan to continue retaliatory strikes instead of advice to negotiate and maintain sustainability in the region. With the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, America’s bilateral relationship with Pakistan has come to hold less priority. There is a view that America befriends Pakistan only when it requires help to advance its security agendas. Pakistan being a close ally of China has always been affected by US-China rivalry and competition. The USA never wish sustainability in the East and South Asia regions, to reduce China’s economic military and influential effect.
美国在巴基斯坦和伊朗之间的紧张局势中发表批评声明并火上浇油，鼓励巴基斯坦继续进行报复性打击，而不是建议谈判和维持该地区的可持续性。随着美国从阿富汗撤军，美国与巴基斯坦的双边关系变得不那么重要了。有观点认为，只有当巴基斯坦需要帮助来推进其安全议程时，美国才会与巴基斯坦结盟。巴基斯坦作为中国的亲密盟友，一直受到中美对抗和竞争的影响。美国不希望在东亚和南亚地区的可持续性，降低中国的经济军事和影响力。
To conclude, recent tensions between Iran and Pakistan began to take terrorist group Jaish al-Adl. Jaish al-Adl was launched in 2012, for the independence of Sistan and Baluchistan. In 1839, Balochistan was divided into two parts, the British and Persia, later British withdrew from India, and in 1948, Eastern Balochistan was taken by Pakistan. Since then the Baloch have been confronting the religious states of Pakistan and Iran to regain their lost sovereignty. Iran and Pakistan both are victims of terrorist groups both states need to cooperate for the integrity of their sovereignty. China being a neighbouring and ally state always supports Pakistan. The prospects of trilateral cooperation are bright as apart from being geographically contiguous to one another, their trategic and economic interests also overlap. The United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran have had no formal diplomatic relationship since the Islamic Revolution of 1979. USA statements have played a war favor role in the escalation and encouraged Pakistan to retaliate.
总而言之，最近伊朗和巴基斯坦之间的紧张关系开始影响恐怖组织Jaish al-Adl。为实现锡斯坦和俾路支斯坦的独立，Jaish al-Adl于2012年启动。1839年，俾路支省被分成两部分，分贝由英国人和波斯人控制，后来英国人撤出印度，1948年，俾路支省东部被巴基斯坦夺走。从那时起，俾路支人一直在对抗巴基斯坦和伊朗的宗教国家，以夺回他们失去的主权。伊朗和巴基斯坦都是恐怖主义集团的受害者，两国需要合作以维护主权完整。中国作为巴基斯坦的邻国和盟友，一贯支持巴基斯坦。三国合作前景光明，除了地理上毗邻外，战略和经济利益也有重合。美国和伊朗伊斯兰共和国自1979年伊斯兰革命以来一直没有正式外交关系。美国的声明并鼓励巴基斯坦进行报复，进一步激发了事态升级。
（本文作者Iqra Khalid是伊斯兰堡国际伊斯兰大学国际关系研究员）
Iqra Khalid
The writer is a Researcher of International Relations at International Islamic University Islamabad